Muhammad Imdad Ullah

Currently working as Assistant Professor of Statistics in Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan. Completed my Ph.D. in Statistics from the Department of Statistics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. l like Applied Statistics, Mathematics, and Statistical Computing. Statistical and Mathematical software used is SAS, STATA, Python, GRETL, EVIEWS, R, SPSS, VBA in MS-Excel. Like to use type-setting LaTeX for composing Articles, thesis, etc.

Introduction to SAS Software

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Get a clear introduction to SAS Software with this beginner-friendly guide. Learn what SAS is, its key features, its uses in data analysis, and how to start your SAS programming journey. Perfect for students and professionals exploring analytics tools! From data management to predictive modeling, SAS powers industries like healthcare, finance, and academia. Are you new to coding? No worries! I will answer key questions.

Introduction to SAS Software

What is SAS Software

SAS is the abbreviation for the software called Statistical Analytics System. It includes the best software suite for multivariate analyses, advanced analytics, data management, predictive analysis, and business intelligence, to name a few. It also offers a graphical point-and-click solution for a smooth interface. SAS software is equally user friendly for the users who are non-technical and thus make sure better-advanced options are found through SAS language.

Compare SAS with Python and R Language

A comparison regarding major characteristics of these statistical software is

FeatureSASPythonR Language
TypeProprietaryOpen-sourceOpen-source
CostExpensiveFreeFree
EaseUser-friendly GUIFlexible, coding-basedStatistical focus, coding-based
Use CaseEnterprise analyticsGeneral-purpose, ML, AIStatistical research
SpeedOptimized for large dataFast with libraries (e.g., Pandas)Slower for big data
  • SAS Software is Best for Regulated industries (clinical, banking).
  • Python is Best for Machine learning, automation, and versatility.
  • R Language is best for Academic research and advanced statistics.

What are the Functions of SAS Software?

The SAS software is known for reliability, security, and compliance, making it popular in regulated industries such as banks, healthcare, and pharmaceuticals. However, it is expensive compared to open-source alternatives such as R and Python. The key functions of SAS Software Are:

  • Data Management & Retrieval of Information: It supports importing/ exporting of data (such as Excel, CSV, and databases), cleaning, transforming, and manipulating datasets, and handling large-scale data efficiently.
  • Statistical Analysis: It offers descriptive statistics (such as measures of central tendencies, measures of dispersion, data visualization, and exploratory data analysis), Predictive modeling (such as ANOVA, regression, and time series analysis), and Hypothesis testing (such as t-tests, chi-square test, etc.).
  • Business Intelligence & Reporting: It provides support for generating reports, dashboards, and visualizations. It also offers SAS visual Analytics for interactive data exploration. It offers business analytics that can be used as a business product for different companies.
  • Machine Learning & Artificial Intelligence: The “SAS Enterprise Mine” offers predictive analytics. Deep learning and AI integration are also supported.
  • High-Performance Computing: SAS software handles big data efficiently by optimizing processing.
  • Clinical Trials Analytics: It is used heavily in healthcare (clinical trials).
  • Fraud Analysis: It makes use of data mining techniques for fraud detection regarding finance transactions.

What are the Uses of SAS?

SAS Software provides a variety of tools with applications in business, government, and academia. The major uses of SAS are economics analysis, forecasting, economics and financial modeling, time series analysis, financial reporting, and manipulation of time series data. The SAS software can be useful when simultaneous relationships, time dependencies, or even dynamic processes make data analysis complex.

Introduction to SAS Software

Compare SAS, SPSS, and STATA Software

Each of these packages/software has its own strengths and weaknesses; however, these software have a set of tools that can be used for several varieties of statistical analysis. With the aid of Stat/Transfer, it is simple to convert data files from one package to the other in just a split second. This means that there are benefits in switching from one analysis package to the other depending on the nature of the problem.

For instance, to perform an analysis of mixed models, one might want to use SAS, but if you are dealing with logistic regression, then STATA would be the best option. On the other hand, for performing analysis of variance then the use of SPSS software is the best choice. If you are performing statistical analysis very frequently, then it is advisable to have each of these packages in your toolkit for data analysis.

FeatureSASSPSSStata
TypeProprietaryProprietaryProprietary
EaseComplex, coding-heavyUser-friendly GUIMix of GUI & coding
Use CaseEnterprise analytics, regulated industries (healthcare, finance)Social sciences, survey analysisEconomics, academic research
CostExpensiveModerateAffordable
StrengthsHigh-performance, secure, scalableEasy for beginners, good for surveysFast, great for econometrics
WeaknessesSteep learning curveLimited for advanced statsSmaller user base
  • SAS Software is best for Large-scale and regulated data (such as banks, pharma).
  • SPSS software is best for Quick and GUI-based analysis (such as marketing, psychology).
  • Stata software is best for Econometrics and panel data (such as academics, researchers).

What are the advantages of using SAS Software?

There are many advantages of using SAS software, but what makes it unique as compared to others is:

  • Ease of understanding: The tools included in SAS are very easy to learn. Besides, it offers the most convenient option for those who are already aware of SQL. On the other hand, R and Python languages come with a steep learning curve and are considered to be low-level programming languages.
  • Data Handling Capacities: It is the most leading tool to handle data, which also includes the R and Python. However, for handling huge data, SAS is the best platform to choose.
  • Graphical Capacities: SAS comes with functional graphical capacities and has a limited learning scope. It is possible to customize the plots.
  • Better tool management: It helps in releasing the updates regarding the controlled environment. This is the main reason why it is well tested. Whereas if you considered R and Python, it has open contribution and risk of errors in the current development are also high.

Is SAS Difficult for Beginners to Learn?

SAS has a steeper learning curve than tools like Python or SPSS due to its proprietary syntax and coding-heavy approach. However, its structured language is logical, and beginners can learn the basics with practice. The Key challenges are:

  • Syntax Rules: Must follow strict formatting (e.g., semicolons, DATA steps).
  • Less Intuitive Than GUI Tools: Unlike SPSS, it requires coding even for simple tasks.
  • Limited Free Resources: Expensive licenses restrict hands-on practice.

Though SAS is harder than SPSS, but manageable with dedication. Ideal for those in regulated industries (healthcare, finance) where SAS is required.

What Are the Benefits of SAS Over Other Tools?

The benefits of SAS software over other tools are:

  • High stability for enterprise use
  • Strong customer support & security
  • Industry-standard in healthcare & finance

MCQs Maps and Data Visualization in R Programming Language

Introductory Statistics Quiz 23

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The post is about an Online introductory Statistics Quiz. Test your Basic Statistics knowledge on:
✅ Data types (quantitative vs. categorical)
✅ Measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode)
✅ Skewness & outliers (left vs. right skew, detecting extremes)
✅ Relationships between measures (how mean/median/mode shift in different distributions)
✅ Conversion and Normalization of data

Let us start with the Online Introductory Statistics Quiz now.

Online Introductory Statistics Quiz with Answers

1. The method used to compute the average or central value of collected data is considered as

 
 
 
 

2. The value of $\Sigma fx$ is 180, $A=22$, and width of the class interval is 5, arithmetic mean is 120. Then observations are

 
 
 
 

3. Which of these is NOT a method of normalizing data?

 
 
 
 

4. In measure of central tendency, sample statistic is denoted by

 
 
 
 

5. In statistics out of 100, marks of 21 students in final exams are as 90, 95, 95, 94, 90, 85, 84, 83, 85, 81, 92, 93, 82, 78, 79, 81, 80, 82, 85, 76, 85 then mode of data is

 
 
 
 

6. In a negative skewed distribution, the order of mean, median, and mode is as

 
 
 
 

7. When multiple observations are reported for each respondent in the data set, to compute statistics for variables about the respondents, one must:

 
 
 
 

8. A measure that describes the detailed characteristics of the whole data set is classified as

 
 
 
 

9. Which of the following is NOT true?

 
 
 
 

10. The value of $\Sigma fx$ is 300, $A=35$, the number of observations is 15, and the width of the class interval is 5; then the arithmetic mean is

 
 
 
 

11. Considering all observations of arithmetic mean, the sum of squares of deviations must be less than

 
 
 
 

12. The value of $\Sigma fd$ is 250, $A=25$, number of observations are 12 and width of class interval is 6 then arithmetic mean is

 
 
 
 

13. Criteria of inferential statistics that considers the sum of squared deviations is classified as

 
 
 
 

14. The measure of central tendency, which is calculated by considering the most frequently occurring value as the central value, is classified as

 
 
 
 

15. If a negatively skewed distribution (i.e., skewed to the left) has a median of 50, which of the following statements are true?

 
 
 
 

16. Which of the following is a common file format for data sets?

 
 
 
 

17. The process of converting or mapping data from the initial raw form to another format to prepare it for further analysis goes by several names. What is this process commonly called?

 
 
 
 

18. How the geometric mean, harmonic mean, and arithmetic mean are related is as

 
 
 
 

19. In a set of observations, unusual lower and higher values are called

 
 
 
 

20. Which of the following is NOT true?

 
 
 
 

Online Introductory Statistics Quiz with Answers

  • Which of the following is a common file format for data sets?
  • When multiple observations are reported for each respondent in the data set, to compute statistics for variables about the respondents, one must:
  • The process of converting or mapping data from the initial raw form to another format to prepare it for further analysis goes by several names. What is this process commonly called?
  • Which of the following is NOT true?
  • Which of these is NOT a method of normalizing data?
  • Which of the following is NOT true?
  • If a negatively skewed distribution (i.e., skewed to the left) has a median of 50, which of the following statements are true?
  • The value of $\Sigma fx$ is 180, $A=22$, and width of the class interval is 5, arithmetic mean is 120. Then observations are
  • The value of $\Sigma fx$ is 300, $A=35$, the number of observations is 15, and the width of the class interval is 5; then the arithmetic mean is
  • The value of $\Sigma fd$ is 250, $A=25$, number of observations are 12 and width of class interval is 6 then arithmetic mean is
  • Criteria of inferential statistics that considers the sum of squared deviations is classified as
  • In a negative skewed distribution, the order of mean, median, and mode is as
  • A measure that describes the detailed characteristics of the whole data set is classified as
  • How the geometric mean, harmonic mean, and arithmetic mean are related is as
  • In statistics out of 100, marks of 21 students in final exams are as 90, 95, 95, 94, 90, 85, 84, 83, 85, 81, 92, 93, 82, 78, 79, 81, 80, 82, 85, 76, 85 then mode of data is
  • Considering all observations of arithmetic mean, the sum of squares of deviations must be less than
  • In a set of observations, unusual lower and higher values are called
  • The measure of central tendency, which is calculated by considering the most frequently occurring value as the central value, is classified as
  • The method used to compute the average or central value of collected data is considered as
  • In measure of central tendency, sample statistic is denoted by
Online Introductory Statistics Quiz with Answers

R Programming Language, MCQs General Knowledge

Exploratory Data Analysis Quiz 22

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How well do you know Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)? This interactive Exploratory Data Analysis Quiz tests your understanding of key EDA concepts, including data distributions, outlier detection, visualization techniques (histograms, box plots, scatter plots), and statistical summaries. Whether you’re a student, data scientist, statistician, or researcher, this exploratory data analysis quiz helps sharpen your skills in uncovering insights from raw data. Let us start with the Online Exploratory Data Analysis Quiz now.

Online Exploratory Data Analysis Quiz with Answers
Please go to Exploratory Data Analysis Quiz 22 to view the test

Online Exploratory Data Analysis Quiz with Answers

  • Which of the following forms of exploratory data analysis generates short summaries about the sample and measures of the data?
  • Which of the following forms of exploratory data analysis is a statistical comparison of groups of data?
  • Which of the following would NOT be a good use of analytic graphing?
  • Plots let you summarize the data (usually graphically) and highlight any broad features
  • Which of the following do plots NOT do?
  • What do you think is a disadvantage of the Base Plotting System?
  • Which of the following is a principle of analytic graphics?
  • What is the role of exploratory graphs in data analysis?
  • What is the purpose of hierarchical clustering?
  • When you’re doing hierarchical clustering, there are strict rules that you MUST follow.
  • Average linkage uses the maximum distance between points of two clusters as the distance between those clusters.
  • The number of clusters you derive from your data depends on the distance at which you choose to cut it.
  • Once you decide basics, such as defining a distance metric and linkage method, hierarchical clustering is deterministic.
  • K-means clustering requires you to specify a number of clusters before you begin.
  • K-means clustering requires you to specify a number of iterations before you begin.
  • Which of the following would be an example of variables correlated to one another?
  • Every data set has a single fixed number of clusters.
  • K-means clustering will always stop in 3 iterations
  • When starting k-means with random centroids, you’ll always end up with the same final clustering.
  • Which of the following cliches LEAST captures the essence of dimension reduction?

MCQs General Knowledge, R Programming Language