SPSS

Statistics Software, SPSS, Eviews, Gretl, SAS, Stata, R Language, MS-Excel, Data Analysis using SPSS, Statistical Packages for Social Sciences

Data View in SPSS (2024)

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The IBM SPSS has two main windows (i) Data View and (ii) Variable View. Data View in SPSS is one of the primary ways of looking at a data file in Data View so that you can see each row as a source of data and each column as a variable. The data view in SPSS is the most useful way to look at the actual values of the data presented in the data set.

By default, SPSS launches in Data View mode.

Data View in SPSS

The following diagram of the SPSS workplace highlights the data view in SPSS and the variable view in SPSS.

Data View in SPSS

If you are not in Data View, click the Data View Tab to enter the data view and the data edit mode. Typically, one should enter the data after establishing the names and other properties of the variables in a data set. Many of the features of Data View are similar to the features that are found in spreadsheet-like applications (such as MS Excel). There are, however, several important distinctions:

SPSS Data view
  • Rows are cases: Each row in a data view represents a case or an observation. For example, each respondent to a questionnaire is a case.
  • Columns are variables: Each column represents a variable or characteristic being measured. For example, each item on a questionnaire is a variable.
  • Cells contain values. The cross-section of the row and column makes a cell. Each cell contains a single value of a variable for a case. The cell is where the case and the variable intersect. Cells contain only data values. Unlike spreadsheet programs, cells in the Data Editor cannot contain formulas.

In summary, the Data View in SPSS is the primary workspace for viewing, manipulating, and understanding the actual values in the dataset. It plays a vital role in data exploration, cleaning, and analysis.

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How to Split Data File in SPSS?

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In SPSS (Statistical Packages for Social Sciences) split file option lets the user to splits the data into separate groups for analysis based on the values of one or more grouping variables. If user select multiple grouping variables, the cases are grouped by each variable within categories of the preceding variable on the groups based on list. Let us learn about the step-by-step procedure to Split Data file in SPSS.

How to Split Data File in SPSS

Suppose you want to take the separate mean of male and female (groups/ categories from gender variable) then one may use split file option.

  • First Open the data file you want to split.
  • Second, from the menu bar, click the Data Menu and then Split File Option (Data -> Split File)
Split Data File in SPSS Menu

The following dialog box “Split File” will appears. Click on the radio button title “Organize output by Groups” after clicking the Grouping variable from left pan.

Split File in SPSS Dialog Box Options
  • Select the Gender Varaible (or the grouping variable you want to split) in the dialog box at the left pan and clikc on the arrow at the “Groups based on” box.
Split File in SPSS
  • Click the OK button. Now, subsequent analyses will reflect the split.
  • The data in data windows will be logical splitted. One can run requierd descriptive and inferential analsysi of the splitted data.

Split File Off

  • The most important point is to get back to ‘normal’ where the data are not split, go back to Data/Split Files… and select the option ‘Analyze All cases.’
  • Press OK. It will show SPLIT FILE OFF. Then you can get back output of data without splitting the files.

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Introduction to SPSS Statistics Software

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SPSS is a statistical software package that is used to analyze the data (either in quantitative or qualitative form.) and it also helps to interpret the findings. SPSS stands for Statistical Packages for Social Science.

Introduction to SPSS Statistics

In 2009, SPSS was acquired by IBM. Now, the versions of SPSS are being named “IBM SPSS Statistics”, version 27.

Introduction to SPSS Statistics

SPSS software is used by insurance, banking, telecom, retail, consumer package Goods, market research, health research, survey companies, government (election, population, plan), education system and students researchers, finance, etc. to analyze data. SPSS is capable of analyzing a large amount of data and creating tables and graphs.

SPSS software is used for statistical tests because sometimes it is hard to deal with a large amount of data and perform different mathematical and statistical equations by hand. So, it is helpful for us, it also helps us to interpret the results, check normality, testing of hypotheses, computation of different averages, plot simple to complex graphs, and so on. SPSS offers a wide range of statistical methods. Some examples are:

1) Helps to define and show missing values in the data

Introduction to SPSS Statistics Software

2) Compute Descriptive Statistics such as Frequency Distribution

Analyze > Descriptive statistics > Frequency > statistics

Introduction to SPSS Statistics Software

On entered data, and for selected variables, one may get appropriate and required measures such as mean, sum, mode, percentiles, quartiles, variance, range, and other measures of dispersion, skewness, kurtosis, etc.

Statistical Techniques in SPSS

Descriptive Statistics

Different Statistics can be performed such as Cross Tabulation, Frequency, Descriptive, Explore, and Descriptive Ratio Statistics. All these options contain relevant statistical measures such as measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion, measures of position, measures for identification of shape of distribution, etc.

Inferential Statistics

Inferential statistics from basic to advanced can also be performed in SPSS Software.

Estimation: Confidence Interval (lower and upper limits) and point estimation (single value).

Hypothesis Testing:

Differences Between Groups: Independent Sample t-test, Paired Sample t-test, One-Way ANOVA, Two-Way ANOVA, Chi-Squared Test for Homogeneity, etc.

Correlation Association: Pearson’s Correlation, Spearman Correlation, Chi-Squared Test of Association, Fisher Exact Test of Independence, Odd Ratio, Relative Risk.

Regression Model and Prediction: Linear Regression models, such as Simple and Multiple Regression, Step-Wise Regression, Logistic Regression, Poisson Regression, etc.

Complex Sample and Testing: Compute Statistics and Standard Error by Complex Sample Design, Visualizes and Explores Complex Categorization, Imputes Missing Values through Statistical Algorithms.

Graphs and Data Visualizations: Line, Chart, Histogram, Bar Chart, Pie Chart, Scatter Plot, Box Plot, Area Chart, Q-Q Plot, Simple 3D Bar Chart, Population Pyramid, Frequency Polygon.

So we say that the SPSS software plays a significant role in the process of analyzing and interpreting the data with the help of statistical features and methods.

For different SPSS Software Tutorials, see the following links:

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Performing Chi Square test from Crosstabs in SPSS

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In this post, we will learn about “performing Chi Square Test” in SPSS Statistics Software. For this purpose, from the ANALYSIS menu of SPSS, the crosstabs procedure in descriptive statistics is used to create contingency tables also known as two-way frequency tables, cross-tabulation, which describe the association between two categories of variables.

In a crosstab, the categories of one variable determine the rows of the contingency table, and the categories of the other variable determine the columns. The contingency table dimensions can be reported as $R\times C$, where $R$ is the number of categories for the row variables, and $C$ is the number of categories for the column variable. Additionally, a “square” crosstab is one in which the row and column variables have the same number of categories. Tables of dimensions $2 \times 2$, $3\times 3$, $4\times 4$, etc., are all square crosstab.

Performing Chi Square Test in SPSS

Let us start performing Chi Square test on cross-tabulation in SPSS, first, click Analysis from the main menu, then Descriptive Statistics, and then Crosstabs, as shown in the figure below

Performing Chi Square Test Crosstabs in SPSS

As an example, we are using the “satisf.sav” data file that is already available in the SPSS installation folder. Suppose, we are interested in finding the relationship between the “Shopping Frequency” and the “Made Purchase” variable. For this purpose, shift any one of the variables from the left pan to the right pan as row(s) and the other in the right pan as column(s). Here, we are taking “Shopping Frequency” as row(s) and “Made Purchase” as column(s) variables. Pressing OK will give the contingency table only.

Crosstabs in SPSS

The ROW(S) box is used to enter one or more variables to be used in the cross-table and Chi-Square statistics. Similarly, the COLUMNS(S) box is used to enter one or more variables to be used in the cross-table and Chi-Square statistics. Note At least one row and one column variable should be used.

The layer box is used when you need to find the association between three or more variables. When the layer variable is specified, the crosstab between the row and the column variables will be created at each level of the layer variable. You can have multiple layers of variables by specifying the first layer variable and then clicking next to specify the second layer variable. Alternatively, you can try out multiple variables as single layers at a time by putting them all in layer 1 of 1 box.

The STATISTICS button will lead to a dialog box that contains different inferential statistics for finding the association between categorical variables.

The CELL button will lead to a dialog box that controls which output is displayed in each crosstab cell, such as observed frequency, expected frequency, percentages, residuals, etc., as shown below.

Crosstabs cell display

Performing Chi Square test on the selected variables, click on the “Statistics” button and choose (tick) the option of “Chi-Square” from the top-left side of the dialog box shown below. Note the Chi-square check box must have a tick in it, otherwise only a cross-table will be displayed.

Crosstabs Chi-Square Statistics in SPSS

Press the “Continue” button and then the OK button. We will get output windows containing the cross-tabulation results in Chi-Square statistics as shown below

Crosstabs output SPSS windows

The Chi-Square results indicate an association between the categories of the “Sopping Frequency” variable and the “Made Purchase” variable since the p-value is smaller than say 0.01 level of significance.

For video lecture on Contingency Table and chi-square statistics, See the video lectures

See another video about the Contingency Table and Chi-Square Goodness of Fit Test

Learn How to perform data analysis in SPSS

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