MCQs Data and Variables 22

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The quiz is about MCQs Data and Variables with Answers. There are 20 multiple-choice questions covering the topics related to variables, data, types of data (such as discrete or continuous, quantitative or qualitative), and level of measurements. Let us start with the MCQs Data and Variables Statistics Quiz.

MCQs Data and Variables Statistics Quiz

Online MCQs about Data and Variables with Answers

1. The age of the individual was recorded at the time of the survey. What type of variable would age be considered?

 
 
 
 

2. Library cardholders were asked to report the amount of late fees they have been charged in the past year (input in the form of $XX.XX). What type of variable would their response be considered?

 
 
 
 

3. In a survey, the company wanted to know how employees perceived the work of upper management. Employees were asked to report the satisfaction of upper management using a 1 to 5 scale (with the following representations:

  1. Extremely Unsatisfied,
  2. Unsatisfied,
  3. Neutral,
  4. Satisfied,
  5. Extremely Satisfied)

What type of variable would their response be considered? https://gmstat.com

 
 
 
 

4. In a survey, management was playing around with the idea of having a food truck visit the office once a week and was trying to gauge how much employees would spend to help entice various food truck owners. Employees were asked to report the amount of money they believed they would spend on lunch (in $XX.XX) if a food truck came to the office once a week. What type of variable would their response be considered?

 
 
 
 

5. The type of questions included in the questionnaire to record responses in which respondents can answer in any way are classified as

 
 
 
 

6. Data which is generated within the company such as routine business activities is classified as

 
 
 
 

7. Measurement scale which allows ranking of numbers rather than arithmetic operations on data is classified as

 
 
 
 

8. The type of rating scale that allows respondents to choose the most relevant option out of other stated options is classified as

 
 
 
 

9. Library cardholders were asked whether or not they had checked out a book from the library in the past month (yes or no). What type of variable would their response be considered?

 
 
 
 

10. The scale which is used to determine ratio equality is considered as

 
 
 
 

11. Library cardholders were asked to reflect on the most recent book they checked out and report the genre that it most closely represented (i.e. Science Fiction, Action, Romance, Mystery, etc.). What type of variable would their response be considered?

 
 
 
 

12. The adult indicator variable is coded as a 1 if the individual is 18 or older and a 0 if not. What type of variable would the adult indicator variable be considered?

 
 
 
 

13. Focus groups, individual respondents, and panels of respondents are classified as

 
 
 
 

14. In a survey, it was reported that Fridays were generally lighter regarding the number of meetings held. Employees were asked to report the number of scheduled meetings they attended the previous Friday. What type of variable would their response be considered?

 
 
 
 

15. The library recently added a new online checkout/renewal system. Library cardholders were asked how many times they had used the new online system. What type of variable would their response be considered?

 
 
 
 

16. In a survey, employees were asked to report their typical daily mode of transportation to and from work (i.e. Car, Bike, Bus, etc.). What type of variable would their response be considered?

 
 
 
 

17. Reports on quality control, production, and financial accounts issued by companies are considered as

 
 
 
 

18. Measurement scale which allows researchers and statisticians to perform certain operations on data collected from respondents is classified as

 
 
 
 

19. Library card holders were asked to report the satisfaction of their library experience during their last visit using a 1 to 5 scale (with the following representations:

  1. Extremely Unsatisfied,
  2. Unsatisfied,
  3. Neutral,
  4. Satisfied,
  5. Extremely Satisfied).

What type of variable would their response be considered?

 
 
 
 

20. In a survey, employees were asked to report their typical daily commute time, in minutes. What type of variable would their response be considered?

 
 
 
 

Online MCQs Data And Variables Quiz with Answers

  • The age of the individual was recorded at the time of the survey. What type of variable would age be considered?
  • The adult indicator variable is coded as a 1 if the individual is 18 or older and a 0 if not. What type of variable would the adult indicator variable be considered?
  • In a survey, employees were asked to report their typical daily commute time, in minutes. What type of variable would their response be considered?
  • In a survey, employees were asked to report their typical daily mode of transportation to and from work (i.e. Car, Bike, Bus, etc.). What type of variable would their response be considered?
  • In a survey, the company wanted to know how employees perceived the work of upper management. Employees were asked to report the satisfaction of upper management using a 1 to 5 scale (with the following representations:
  1. Extremely Unsatisfied,
  2. Unsatisfied,
  3. Neutral,
  4. Satisfied,
  5. Extremely Satisfied)
  • What type of variable would their response be considered? https://gmstat.com
  • In a survey, it was reported that Fridays were generally lighter regarding the number of meetings held. Employees were asked to report the number of scheduled meetings they attended the previous Friday. What type of variable would their response be considered?
  • In a survey, management was playing around with the idea of having a food truck visit the office once a week and was trying to gauge how much employees would spend to help entice various food truck owners. Employees were asked to report the amount of money they believed they would spend on lunch (in $XX.XX) if a food truck came to the office once a week. What type of variable would their response be considered?
  • Library cardholders were asked whether or not they had checked out a book from the library in the past month (yes or no). What type of variable would their response be considered?
  • Library cardholders were asked to report the amount of late fees they have been charged in the past year (input in the form of $XX.XX). What type of variable would their response be considered?
  • Library cardholders were asked to reflect on the most recent book they checked out and report the genre that it most closely represented (i.e. Science Fiction, Action, Romance, Mystery, etc.). What type of variable would their response be considered?
  • The library recently added a new online checkout/renewal system. Library cardholders were asked how many times they had used the new online system. What type of variable would their response be considered?
  • Library card holders were asked to report the satisfaction of their library experience during their last visit using a 1 to 5 scale (with the following representations:
  1. Extremely Unsatisfied,
  2. Unsatisfied,
  3. Neutral,
  4. Satisfied,
  5. Extremely Satisfied).
  • What type of variable would their response be considered?
  • Focus groups, individual respondents, and panels of respondents are classified as
  • Reports on quality control, production, and financial accounts issued by companies are considered as
  • The type of rating scale that allows respondents to choose the most relevant option out of other stated options is classified as
  • Data which is generated within the company such as routine business activities is classified as
  • The scale which is used to determine ratio equality is considered as
  • Measurement scale which allows researchers and statisticians to perform certain operations on data collected from respondents is classified as
  • The type of questions included in the questionnaire to record responses in which respondents can answer in any way are classified as
  • Measurement scale which allows ranking of numbers rather than arithmetic operations on data is classified as

MCQs General Knowledge

Testing of Hypothesis Quiz 11

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The quiz is about Testing of Hypothesis Quiz with Answers. The quiz contains 20 questions about hypothesis testing and p-values. It covers the topics of formulation of the null and alternative hypotheses, level of significance, test statistics, region of rejection, decision, effect size, value, confidence interval, about acceptance and rejection of the hypothesis. Let us start with the MCQs Testing of Hypothesis Quiz now.

MCQs Testing of Hypothesis quiz with Answers
Please go to Testing of Hypothesis Quiz 11 to view the test

Testing of Hypothesis Quiz with Answers

  • The main goal of a direct replication is to ————-; replications are important according to Popper because —————.  
  • What is an important reason to make sure the data and analysis scripts related to your research are well-organized?
  • In Frequentist statistics, a p-value lower than the alpha level can mean —————. This differs from Bayesian statistics, which focuses on ——————.
  • You performed 6 studies, only 4 of them had a significant result. The likelihood ratio of this happening assuming $H_0$ versus assuming $H_1$ tells you ————-. If you assume you had around 80% power, this likelihood ratio will probably show that ————-.
  • We compare model A (the effect is 0) to model B (the effect is 1) and find a Bayes Factor of 10 which means ————–; the effect size is estimated with a certain 95% credible interval, this interval ———————.
  • When $H_0$ is true, the probability that at least 1 out of an $X$ completely independent findings is a Type 1 error is equal to —————-, this probability ————— when you look at your data and collect more data if a test is not significant.
  • You did a pilot study that found an effect size of 0.4, and $p < 0.05$. You decide to repeat the study with a power of 80% and an alpha of 5%. In the second study, assuming $H_0$ is true, the probability of a type 1 error is ————–. Assuming $H_0$ is false, the probability of a type 2 error is —————–.
  • A researcher reports two significant findings testing the same hypothesis, using an alpha of 5%. The researcher predicted one finding before doing the study, but the other finding was observed during exploratory analyses where many tests were performed. Which statement is correct?
  • An example of a standardized effect size is ————–; these are useful for ————–.
  • If the difference between means is 2, and the standard deviation is 3, Cohen’s d is —————- which is ————— according to the rule of thumb.
  • In an ANOVA with multiple predictors, a partial eta-squared gives ————–?
  • You analyze your data in two ways. With Frequentist statistics you find a mean effect size of 3, with a 95% confidence interval of 1 to 5. With Bayesian methods, you find a mean of 2.75, with a 95% credible interval of 1.5 to 4. Which conclusions can you make?
  • What are the benefits of performing a study with a larger sample size, compared to doing the same study with a smaller sample size (all else being equal)?
  • You performed a p-curve analysis and found a skewed distribution of p-values with much more small p-values (around 0.01) than high p-values (around 0.04). What does this mean?
  • You predict that your intervention will significantly increase participants’ performance on a test, this is an example of —————-. You find a significant result and conclude your theory is true, this is an example of ——————-.
  • For confirmatory analyses it is problematic to —————; for exploratory analyses, it is NOT problematic to ——————.
  • The main goal of direct replication is —————; the main reason(s) why successful replication rates are low is ——————-.
  • How do we know there is publication bias in favor of significant results? Why is it unreasonable to expect articles with 4 experiments that aim for 80% power to exclusively show significant results?
  • The Dutch Government wants 100% of scientific articles to be Open Access in 2024. What is the main advantage of open access that led the government to aim for 100% Open Access in 2024?
  • If a test of hypothesis has a Type I error probability of 0.01, what does this mean?

R Language and Data Analysis

Shape of Data Distributions

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In this post, I will discuss some common shape of data distributions. Data distributions can take on a variety of shapes, which can provide insights into the underlying characteristics of the data. By examining the shape of data distributions, professionals can gain insights that guide decision-making, improve processes, and enhance predictive accuracy in various fields.

Normal Distribution

A normal distribution of data possesses the following characteristics:

  • Symmetrical and bell-shaped.
  • Mean, median, and mode are all equal in a symmetric/normal distribution.
  • Approximately 68% of the data falls within one standard deviation from the mean.

Symmetric – The data distribution is approximately the same shape on either side of a central dividing line.

Shape of Data Distributions

Examples of normal distributions are: Men’s Heights and SAT Math scores.

Skewed Distribution

  • Right (Positive) Skew: The tail on the right side is longer or fatter. Mean > median. In other words, a few data values are much higher than the majority of values in the set.  (Tail extends to the right). In right-skewed distributions, generally, Generally, the mean is greater than the median (and mode) in a right-skewed distribution. Personal Income in Pakistan and Men’s weight are examples of right positive skewed distribution.
  • Left (Negative) Skew: The tail on the left side is longer or fatter. Mean < median. In other words, A few data values are much lower than the majority of values in the set.  (Tail extends to the left). In left-skewed distributions, generally, the mean is less than the median (and mode) in a left-skewed distribution.

Uniform Distribution

In the uniform distribution, all data values are equally represented. In uniform distribution, every outcome is equally likely and the shape of uniform distribution is of Rectangular shape.

Bimodal Distribution

A bimodal distribution has two distinct peaks or modes. It indicates the presence of two different sub-populations within the data.

Multimodal Distribution

Multimodal distributions are similar to bimodal but with more than two peaks. This distribution suggests even more complex underlying groupings.

Exponential Distribution

Exponential distributions often represent the time until an event occurs (e.g., waiting times) and are characterized by a rapid decline in probability.

Binomial Distribution

The binomial distribution represents the number of successes in a fixed number of trials. It is a discrete distribution with only two mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive outcomes (success/failure).

Poisson Distribution

The Poisson distribution represents the number of events occurring within a fixed interval of time or space. It is useful for counting occurrences of rare events.

Note that Each shape has its implications for statistical analysis and helps in selecting appropriate techniques for data analysis. Understanding these distributions is crucial for interpreting data accurately.

Key Applications of Shape of Data Distributions

Some of the key applications of Shape of Data Distributions are:

  1. Statistical Analysis
    • The shape of Data Distributions helps in selecting appropriate statistical tests (parametric vs. non-parametric) based on the normality of data.
    • Normal distributions allow for the use of techniques like t-tests, z-tests, and ANOVA.
  2. Risk Management
    • In finance, the return distributions of assets are analyzed to assess risks and make informed investment decisions.
    • Non-normal distributions can indicate higher risks, impacting portfolio management.
  3. Quality Control
    • In manufacturing, control charts are used to monitor processes; the distribution shape indicates whether a process is stable or in control.
    • Detects defects and variations in production processes.
  4. Epidemiology
    • Distribution shapes can model the spread of diseases, helping to predict outbreaks and understand transmission patterns.
    • Bimodal or multimodal distributions can indicate multiple populations affected differently.
  5. Machine Learning
    • Many algorithms assume a certain distribution of the data (e.g., Gaussian distribution).
    • Understanding the distribution shape can help in feature selection and engineering.
  6. Psychometrics and Social Sciences
    • Assessing test scores or survey responses can reveal insights into populations (e.g., identifying bias).
    • Skewed distributions can indicate social inequality or access issues.
  7. Environmental Studies
    • Used to assess environmental data, like rainfall patterns or pollution levels, which often do not follow a normal distribution.
    • Helps in formulating regulations and responses based on the observed distribution.
  8. Marketing and Customer Behavior
    • Analyzing purchase distributions to understand customer preferences and segmentation.
    • Helps in tailoring marketing strategies based on consumer behavior patterns.

Online Quiz Website with Answers