Probability Distributions

F-distribution is a continuous probability distribution (also known as Snedecor’s F distribution or the Fisher-Snedecor distribution) which is named in honor of R.A. Fisher and George W. Snedecor. This distribution arises frequently as the null distribution of a test statistic (hypothesis testing), used to develop confidence interval and in the analysis of variance for comparison of several population means.

If $s_1^2$ and $s_2^2$ are two unbiased estimates of the population variance $\sigma^2$ obtained from independent samples of size n₁ and n₂ respectively from the same normal population, then the mathematically F-ratio is defined as
\[F=\frac{s_1^2}{s_2^2}=\frac{\frac{(n_1-1)\frac{s_1^2}{\sigma^2}}{v_1}}{\frac{(n_2-1)\frac{s_2^2}{\sigma^2}}{v_2}}\]
where $v_1=n_1-1$ and $v_2=n_2-1$. Since $\chi_1^2=(n_1-1)\frac{s_1^2}{\sigma^2}$ and $\chi_2^2=(n_2-1)\frac{s_2^2}{\sigma^2}$ are distributed independently as $\chi^2$ with $v_1$ and $v_2$ degree of freedom respectively, we have
\[F=\frac{\frac{\chi_1^2}{v_1}}{\frac{\chi_2^2}{v_2}}\]

So, F Distribution is the ratio of two independent Chi-square ($\chi^2$) statistics each divided by their respective degree of freedom.

F Distribution Properties

•  This takes only non-negative values since the numerator and denominator of the F-ratio are squared quantities.

• The range of F values is from 0 to infinity.
• The shape of the F-curve depends on the parameters v₁ and v₂ (its nominator and denominator df). It is non-symmetrical and skewed to the right (positive skewed) distribution. It tends to become more and more symmetric when one or both of the parameter values (v₁, v₂) increase, as shown in the following figure.

• It is asymptotic. As X values increase, the F-curve approaches the X-axis but never crosses it or touches it (similar behavior to the normal probability distribution).
• F have a unique mode at the value \[\tilde{F}=\frac{v_2(v_2-2)}{v_1(v_2+2)},\quad (v_2>2)\] which is always less than unity.
• The mean of F is $\mu=\frac{v_2}{v_2-2},\quad (v_2>2)$
• The variance of F is \[\sigma^2=\frac{2v_2^2(v_1+v_2-2)}{v_1(v_2-2)(v_2-4)},\quad (v_2>4)\]

Assumptions of F Distribution

The statistical procedure of comparing the variances of two populations has assumptions

• The two populations (from which the samples are drawn) follow Normal distribution
• The two samples are random samples drawn independently from their respective populations.

The statistical procedure of comparing three or more populations has assumptions

• The population follows the Normal distribution
• The population has equal standard deviations σ
• The populations are independent of each other.

Note

This distribution is relatively insensitive to violations of the assumptions of normality of the parent population or the assumption of equal variances.

Use of F Distribution Table

For a given (specified) level of significance α, $F_\alpha(v_1,v_2)$ symbol is used to represent the upper (right-hand side) 100% point of an F distribution having $v_1$ and $v_2$ df.

The lower (left-hand side) percentage point can be found by taking the reciprocal of the F-value corresponding to the upper (right-hand side) percentage point, but the number of df is interchanged i.e. \[F_{1-\alpha}(v_1,v_2)=\frac{1}{F_\alpha(v_2,v_1)}\]

The distribution for the variable F is given by
\[Y=k.F^{(\frac{v_1}{2})-1}\left(1+\frac{F}{v_2}\right)^{-\frac{(v_1+v_2)}{2}}\]

References:

• https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Statistics/Distributions/F
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-distribution
• https://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook/eda/section3/eda3665.htm

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